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\n\u039f \u0391.\u03a7. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7.
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
\u03a4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391.\u03a7. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 Abu Kamil \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Sinan ibn al-Fath \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf al- Biruni \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf al-Hashimi. \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1l-Nadim \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd A.\u03a7. “\u03a4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 Muhammad ibn Musa, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Khwarizm. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 ( Khizanat al-hikma) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bb \u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2…”<\/p>\n
\u0393\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391.\u03a7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb-\u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb-\u039f\u03c5\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03ba.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u039c\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf “al- Khwarizmi” \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 Khwarizm \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03af\u03b2\u03b1, \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Khwarizm \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u0391.\u03a7. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.
\n\u039f \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 al-Tabari \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 “al-Majusi” \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391.\u03a7. \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0396\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4o \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.
\n\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5.
\n\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03b2\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7, \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 “bayt al-hikma’ \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 “\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2”. \u0397 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7.
\n\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03b1\u03bb-\u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd (813-853.), \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u0391.\u03a7. \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bb-\u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u039f \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb \u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391.\u03a7. \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391.\u03a7. \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf \u0391.\u03a7, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb-\u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0386\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c8\u03b7, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd.
\n\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.
\n\u039f \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb-\u03a4\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb-\u039f\u03c5\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03ba (142- 147 \u03bc.\u03a7).
\n\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391.\u03a7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c9\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391.\u03a7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bf \u03b1\u03bb -\u039f\u03c5\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03ba \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n
\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b1\u03bb-\u03a4\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd “\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae” \u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391.\u03a7. \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391.\u03a7. \u03ad\u03b6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 847 \u03bc.\u03a7.<\/p>\n
\u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391.\u03a7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bb-\u039f\u03c5\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 842 \u03bc.\u03a7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 “Muhammad Ibn Musa, \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2” \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391.\u03a7.
\n\u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391.\u03a7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u039c\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb-\u039c\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9 (973 – 1048 \u03bc.\u03a7) \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391 \u03a7. \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd \u0391\u03bc\u03c0\u03af \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb-\u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd.<\/p>\n
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\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae: https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/gdoubos\/ss-102921272<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1: http:\/\/kathyreck.weebly.com\/al-khwarizmi—father-of-algebra.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0397 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bb-\u03a7\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9 (\u0391.\u03a7) \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 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