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\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Aurel Stein \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd-\u03a7\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd), \u03bf Stein \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4o 1907 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 137. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n
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\n\u039c\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd [\u03ae \u03b2\u03bf\u03bc\u03b2\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd] \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 Membij) \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u0388\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2-\u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n
\u03a4\u03bf 10\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u0390\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u00ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03af\u03b3\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a6\u03b5\u03b6 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u0386\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03cc\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Xativa (\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03a7\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u2014Jativa\u2014\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2) \u03c4o \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 1151. O \u0386\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u0399-Idrisi, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1164 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03a1\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a7\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03b2\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2.
\n\u039f\u03b9 \u0386\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03cc, \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd ‘\u0389\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 (1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc.\u03a7.). \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Leiden \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 866, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae, \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392’ \u03c4\u03bf 1231 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 (instrumenta publica), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03ac\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af.<\/p>\n
\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1200, \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Vaticanus gr.1200, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Doctrina Patrum \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 8\u03bf \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2: \u03bf Vaticanus gr.504 (\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1105), o Vindobonensis theol. gr.79 (\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1139), o Vaticanus gr. 1114 (\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd 1146- 1147), o \u03a3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03ca\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 973 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Leninopolitanus 418 (\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd 1152-1153), o \u03a3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03ca\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 754 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Leninopolitanus 405 (\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1177) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Vindobonensis theol. gr. 19 (\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1196 ). \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n
\u03a4\u03bf 13\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf 1235 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1. \u039b\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf 1268, \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a6\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf. \u0397 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u0399\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a4\u03bf 1275 \u03bf maestro Polese da Fabriano \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a1\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a6\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Giacomino \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Prosperino da Bologna. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03af\u03b6\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03c6\u03b9.<\/p>\n
\u03a9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd bombicina, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf Wiesner \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Karabacek \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u0386\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9. \u0397 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bc\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (\u03b6\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b1).<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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\u03a0\u0397\u0393\u0397:\u00a0graficnotes.blogspot.gr<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1: https:\/\/www.dkfindout.com\/uk\/history\/ancient-china\/chinese-writing\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc 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